Understanding Your Genetic Risk for Breast Cancer
Have you ever wondered why doctors ask about your family history at your annual check-up, especially when it comes to cancer? The answer lies in your genes. Your genetic makeup can help predict what diseases or cancers you may be predisposed to, including breast cancer. By knowing your family history and/or undergoing genetic testing, doctors can recommend preventative measures or determine how closely they should monitor you.
The Role of BRCA Genes in Breast Cancer
One of the most well-known genetic links to breast cancer are the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. These are tumor suppressor genes that help prevent cancer from developing primarily in breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic tissues. When these genes are functioning correctly, they repair damaged DNA and keep cells from growing uncontrollably. However, if a mutation occurs in one of these genes, the body’s natural ability to prevent tumors is weakened, significantly increasing the risk of breast and other cancers.
How Family History Affects Your Risk
Everyone inherits two copies of each gene, one from their mother and one from their father. There are many people who think the paternal side of the family doesn’t matter when it comes to breast cancer, but that is false! If either parent carries a mutated BRCA gene, there is a 50% chance they will pass it on to their child. This means that if your mother, maternal or paternal grandmother, or other close relatives had breast cancer, your own risk may be higher. Even with a negative genetic testing result, there may still be an increased risk given someone’s family history. Additionally,, having a BRCA mutation does not guarantee a breast cancer diagnosis, it simply increases the likelihood, making early detection and preventative care crucial.
Why Men Should Pay Attention Too
Although breast cancer is more common in women, men can also carry BRCA mutations. Men would be at an increased risk of developing breast cancer as compared to the general population risk, but men with a BRCA mutation would be at a higher risk of developing cancers such as prostate, pancreatic, or melanoma. This is why genetic testing is important for both men and women who have a strong family history of breast cancer.
How Genetic Testing Can Guide Treatment and Prevention
The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) provides guidelines to determine who meets the criteria for genetic testing, which is largely based on someone’s personal and family history. Even if you have already been diagnosed with breast cancer, genetic testing may influence your treatment plan. For example, if a BRCA mutation is detected, your doctor may recommend a bilateral mastectomy to reduce the risk of recurrence or a second breast cancer.
Take Charge of Your Health
If breast cancer runs in your family, don’t wait until symptoms appear, talk to your doctor about whether genetic testing is right for you. Knowledge is power, and understanding your genetic risk can help you make informed decisions about screening, prevention, and treatment. In addition to genetic factors, lifestyle choices play a crucial role in lowering breast cancer risk. Regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and following a balanced diet—such as the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in fruits, vegetables, healthy fats, and lean proteins—have been shown to reduce inflammation and support overall health. By being proactive, you are not only protecting your own health but also empowering future generations with the knowledge to stay ahead of breast cancer.
Regardless of your genetic makeup, it’s essential to stay on top of your regular check-ups, as genetics are one of many factors that contribute to your overall health. Talk to your doctor and make sure to get your recommended screenings and mammograms every year.
Resource: Caroline Sotile, Licensed Genetic Counselor at Woman’s Hospital