Did you know that there are five types of gynecologic cancers? Each one affects a different part of the female reproductive system and comes with its own risk factors, symptoms, and treatment considerations. Dr. Renee Cowan, a gynecologic oncologist at Woman’s Hospital, explains what you should know about each type and how you can protect your gynecologic health.
What is gynecologic cancer?
A gynecologic (GYN) cancer is any cancer that develops in a woman’s reproductive organs. The five main types are cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar.
Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer develops in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Almost all cases are linked to persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer is the only GYN cancer with a routine screening test: the pap smear. Often performed alongside HPV testing, pap smears can detect abnormal cells in the cervix before cancer develops.
Symptoms: Unusual vaginal discharge, pain during intercourse, or abnormal vaginal bleeding, including bleeding after sex, between periods, or after menopause.
Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer originates in the ovaries and is often diagnosed at later stages since symptoms can be subtle. Unfortunately, it’s the most aggressive type of GYN cancer. Risk increases with age and family history.
Symptoms: Persistent bloating, pelvic pain or pressure, difficulty eating, feeling full too quickly, and bowel or bladder changes
Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer
Uterine cancer begins in the lining of the uterus and is the most common type of GYN cancer. It’s typically low grade, meaning it’s not as aggressive as other cancers might be. More than 85% uterine cancers cause abnormal bleeding, which helps with early detection.
Symptoms: Bleeding after menopause and pelvic pain
Vaginal Cancer
Vaginal cancer is rare and forms in the tissues of the vagina. Risk factors include HPV infection and a history of cervical precancer or cancer.
Symptoms: Bleeding while not on your period, pelvic pain, and a vaginal lump.
Vulvar Cancer
Vulvar cancer most commonly affects the labia, although it can also develop on the clitoris, vaginal opening, mons pubis, and perineum. Like cervical and vaginal cancers, some cases are associated with HPV infection. Using a mirror to become familiar with what is normal for your body can help you notice changes such as skin discoloration, irritation, or new growths.
Symptoms: Persistent itching, pain, tenderness, skin changes, or a lump that doesn’t go away.
Staying proactive in your gynecological health
Taking a proactive approach to your gynecological health can make a huge difference. Annual checkups, healthy lifestyle choices, and an understanding of your family health history all play important roles in reducing risk and supporting long-term well-being.
Gynecologic Care
Regular gynecologic care is one of the most important steps you can take to protect your health. Every woman should have a gynecologist, and a good relationship with them is essential. You should feel comfortable discussing any concerns, no matter how personal or embarrassing.
With a large number of gynecologists practicing on Woman’s campus, Dr. Cowan says, “One of them must be able to meet your needs; there has to be somebody you can get along with that you feel like you can trust.”
Healthy Lifestyle Habits
Healthy lifestyle habits can also help reduce risk. Eating a balanced diet rich in leafy greens and high-fiber foods, staying physically active, and avoiding tobacco all support overall wellness and may lower your risk of cervical cancer and vulvar cancer.
As Dr. Cowan notes, “It’s not just about preventing cancer from occurring; it’s also about putting your body in a place where it can combat a cancer diagnosis while also withstanding necessary treatments and therapies.”
Understanding Family History
Knowing your family’s health history can also be beneficial. About 15% to 20% of ovarian cancers are linked to inherited genetic mutations. If you’re unsure about your family history, you can get genetic testing done to help determine whether you carry one of these mutations. For women who test positive for these mutations, their risk of developing ovarian cancer can be as high as 40%. However, removing the ovaries as a prevention measure can lower the risk of ovarian cancer to just 1% to 2%. This is just one example of how genetic testing can help you take steps to prevent cancer before it even begins.
Listen to your body
Understanding the differences between the five gynecologic cancers and recognizing warning signs can lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment. Remember, you know your body better than anyone. If something feels different or concerning, don’t ignore it. Stay up to date on routine exams, talk openly with your gynecologist, and never hesitate to advocate for yourself if something doesn’t feel right. Being informed and proactive is one of the best ways to protect your health.